Clinical Information

Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from a deficiency of any 1 of the 3 enzymes catalyzing the conversion of galactose to glucose: galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), galactokinase (GALK), and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase (GALE). GALT deficiency is the most common cause of galactosemia and is often referred to as classic galactosemia. The complete or near-complete deficiency of GALT enzyme is life-threatening if left untreated. Complications in the neonatal period include failure to thrive, liver failure, sepsis, and death; even with survival, long-term intellectual disability can result.

Galactosemia is treated by a galactose-restricted diet, which allows for rapid recovery from the acute symptoms and a generally good prognosis. Despite adequate treatment from an early age, individuals with galactosemia remain at increased risk for developmental delays, speech problems, and abnormalities of motor function. Females with galactosemia are at increased risk for premature ovarian failure. Based upon reports by newborn screening programs, the frequency of classic galactosemia in the United States is 1 in 30,000, although literature reports range from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 60,000 live births.

A comparison of plasma and urine galactose and blood galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) levels may be useful in distinguishing among the 3 forms of galactosemia.

For more information regarding diagnostic strategy, refer to Galactosemia: Current Testing Strategy and Aids for Test Selection, Mayo Medical Laboratories Communique 2005 May;30(5).

See Galactosemia Testing Algorithm in Special Instructions for additional information.