Clinical Information

Organic acids occur as physiologic intermediates in a variety of metabolic pathways. Organic acidurias are a group of disorders in which one or more of these pathways are blocked, resulting in a deficiency of normal products and an abnormal accumulation of intermediate metabolites (organic acids) in the body. These excess metabolites are excreted in the urine.

The incidence of individual inborn errors of organic acid metabolism varies from 1 in 10,000 to >1 in 1,000,000 live births. Collectively, their incidence approximates 1 in 3,000 live births. This estimate, however, does not include other inborn errors of metabolism (ie, amino acid disorders, urea cycle disorders, congenital lactic acidemias) for which diagnosis and monitoring may also require organic acid analysis. All possible disease entities included, the incidence of conditions where informative organic acid profiles could be detected in urine is likely to approach 1 in 1,000 live births.

Organic acidurias typically present with either an acute life-threatening illness in early infancy or unexplained developmental delay with intercurrent episodes of metabolic decompensations in later childhood. A situation of severe and persistent metabolic acidosis of unexplained origin, elevated anion gap, and severe neurologic manifestations, such as seizures, should be considered strong diagnostic indicators of one of these diseases. The presence of ketonuria, occasionally massive, provides an important clue toward the recognition of disorders, especially in the neonatal period. Hyperammonemia, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidemia are frequent findings, especially during acute episodes of metabolic decompensations.