Clinical Information

The porphyrias are a group of inherited disorders resulting from enzyme defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Depending on the specific enzyme involved, various porphyrins and their precursors accumulate in different specimen types. The patterns of porphyrin accumulation in erythrocytes and plasma and excretion of the heme precursors in urine and feces allow for the detection and differentiation of the porphyrias.

Testing protoporphyrin fractions is most informative for patients with a clinical suspicion of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) or X-linked dominant protoporphyria (XLDPP). Clinical presentation of EPP and XLDPP is identical with onset of symptoms typically occurring in childhood. Cutaneous photosensitivity in sun-exposed areas of the skin generally worsens in the spring and summer months. Common symptoms may include itching, edema, erythema, stinging or burning sensations, and occasionally scarring of the skin in sun-exposed areas. Although genetic in nature, environmental factors exacerbate symptoms, significantly impacting the severity and course of disease.

EPP is caused by diminished ferrochelatase activity resulting in significantly increased free protoporphyrin levels in erythrocytes, plasma, and feces.

X-linked dominant protoporphyria is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the C-terminal end of ALAS2 gene and results in elevated erythrocyte levels of free and zinc-complexed protoporphyrin, and total protoporphyrin in plasma and feces.

Other possible cases of elevated erythrocyte zinc-complexed protoporphyrin may include:

-Iron deficiency anemia, the most common cause

-Chronic intoxication by heavy metals (primarily lead) or various organic chemicals

-Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), a rare autosomal recessive porphyria caused by deficient uroporphyrinogen III synthase

-Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP), a rare autosomal recessive porphyria caused by deficient uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

Typically, the workup of patients with a suspected porphyria is most effective when following a stepwise approach. See Porphyria (Acute) Testing Algorithm and Porphyria (Cutaneous) Testing Algorithm in Special Instructions or contact Mayo Medical Laboratories to discuss testing strategies.

There are 2 test options: PPFE / Protoporphyrins, Fractionation, Whole Blood and PPFWE / Protoporphyrins, Fractionation, Washed Erythrocytes. The whole blood option is easiest for clients but requires that the specimen arrive at Mayo Medical Laboratories within 7 days of draw. When this cannot be ensured, washed frozen erythrocytes, which are stable for 14 days, should be submitted.