Clinical Information

T cell reconstitution is a critical feature of the recovery of the adaptive immune response and has 2 main components: thymic output of new T cells and peripheral homeostatic expansion of preexisting T cells. It has been shown that though thymic function declines with age, a reasonable output is still maintained into late adult life.(1) In many clinical situations, thymic output is crucial to the maintenance and competence of the T cell effector immune response.

Thymic function can be determined by T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) analysis. TRECs are extrachromosomal DNA byproducts of T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement, which are nonreplicative. TRECs are expressed only in T cells of thymic origin and each cell is thought to contain a single copy of TREC. Hence, TREC analysis provides a very specific assessment of T-cell recovery (eg, after hematopoietic cell transplantation) or numerical T-cell competence. There are several TRECs generated during the process of TCR rearrangement and the TCR delta deletion TREC (deltaREC psi-J-alpha signal joint TREC) has been shown to be the most accurate TREC for measuring thymic output.(2) This assay measures this specific TREC using quantitative, real-time PCR.

Clinical use of TRECs in HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy:

HIV infection leads to a decrease in thymic function. Adult patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) show a rapid and sustained increase in thymic output.(1)

Clinical use of TRECs in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) and Primary Immunodeficiencies (PID):

Following HCT, there is a period of prolonged immunodeficiency that varies depending on the nature and type of stem cell graft used and the conditioning regimen, among other factors. This secondary immunodeficiency also includes defects in thymopoiesis.(3-5) It has been shown that numerical T cell recovery is usually achieved by day 100 posttransplant, though there is an inversion of the CD4:CD8 ratio that can persist for up to a year.(4) Also, recovery of T-cell function and diversity can take up to 12 months, although this can be more rapid in pediatric patients. However, recovery of T-cell function is only possible when there is numerical reconstitution of T cells. T cells, along with the other components of adaptive immunity, are key players in the successful response to vaccination post-HCT.(6)

Recently, it has been shown in patients who received HCT for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) that T cell recovery early after stem cell transplant is crucial to long-term T cell reconstitution.(7) Patients who demonstrated impaired reconstitution were shown to have poor early grafting, as opposed to immune failure caused by accelerated loss of thymic output or long-term graft failure. In this study, the numbers of TRECs early after HCT were most predictive for long-term reconstitution. This data suggests that frequent monitoring of T-cell immunity and TREC numbers after HCT can help identify patients who will fail to reconstitute properly, which would allow additional therapies to be instituted in a timely manner.(7) It would be reasonable to extrapolate such a conclusion to other diseases that are also treated by HCT.

TREC Copies and Thymic Output in Adults:

Since the adult thymus involutes after puberty and is progressively replaced by fat with age, thymus-dependent T cell recovery has been assumed to be severely limited in adults. However, with TREC analysis it has been shown that the change in thymic function in adults is a quantitative phenomenon rather than a qualitative one and thymic output is not totally eliminated.(1,8,9) Thus, after HCT or HAART, the remaining thymic tissue can be mobilized in adults to replenish depleted immune systems with a potentially broader repertoire of naive T cells. Douek et al have shown that there is a significant contribution by the thymus to immune reconstitution after myeloablative chemotherapy and HCT in adults.(8) In fact, this data shows that there is both a marked increase in the TREC numbers and a significant negative correlation of TREC copies with age posttransplant.

In addition to the specific clinical situations elucidated above, TREC analysis can be helpful in identifying patients with primary immunodeficiencies and assessing their numerical T-cell immune competence. It can also be used as a measure of immune competence in patients receiving immunotherapy or cancer vaccines, where maintenance of, T-cell outputis integral to the immune response against cancer.

The absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets are known to be influenced by a variety of biological factors, including hormones, the environment, and temperature. The studies on diurnal (circadian) variation in lymphocyte counts have demonstrated progressive increase in CD4 T-cell count throughout the day, while CD8 T cells and CD19+ B cells increase between 8:30 am and noon, with no change between noon and afternoon. Natural killer (NK) cell counts, on the other hand, are constant throughout the day.(10) Circadian variations in circulating T-cell counts have been shown to be negatively correlated with plasma cortisol concentration.(11-13) In fact, cortisol and catecholamine concentrations control distribution and, therefore, numbers of naive versus effector CD4 and CD8 T cells.(11) It is generally accepted that lower CD4 T-cell counts are seen in the morning compared with the evening,(14) and during summer compared to winter.(15) These data, therefore, indicate that timing and consistency in timing of blood collection are critical when serially monitoring patients for lymphocyte subsets.