Clinical Information

Excess levels of bilirubin, which is a by-product of heme, have been associated with deleterious health effects. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is responsible for bilirubin conjugation with glucuronic acid. This renders the bilirubin water soluble and permits excretion of the bilirubin-glucuronide conjugates in urine.(1) Genetic variants in UGT1A1 may cause reduced or absent UGT1A1 enzymatic activity resulting in hyperbilirubinemia.

Gilbert syndrome, found in 5% to 10% of the population, is the most common hereditary cause of increased bilirubin and is associated with mild hyperbilirubinemia (bilirubin levels are typically around 3 mg/dL).(2) Gilbert syndrome is caused by a 25% to 50% reduced glucuronidation activity of the UGT1A1 enzyme and characterized by episodes of mild intermittent jaundice and the absence of liver disease.

Crigler-Najjar (CN) syndrome types I and II are inherited causes of severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. CN type I is associated with the complete absence of UGT1A1 activity and usually presents as intense jaundice in the first days of life and persists thereafter.(3) CN type II is a milder form of hyperbilirubinemia, as compared to CN type I, with at least partial UGT1A1 activity. Phenobarbital, a drug that induces synthesis of a number of hepatic enzymes, is effective in decreasing serum bilirubin levels by approximately 25% in patients with CN type II; CN type I does not respond to phenobarbital treatment. If left untreated, the buildup of bilirubin in a newborn can cause kernicterus, which is bilirubin-induced brain damage. In addition to phenobarbital, treatments of CN may include: phototherapy, heme oxygenase inhibitors, oral calcium phosphate and carbonate, and liver transplantation.

The UGT1A1 gene maps to chromosome 2q37 and contains 5 exons. In this assay, the promoter, exons, exon-intron boundaries, and a region in the distal promoter called the "phenobarbital response enhancer module," which is associated with transcriptional activity of the gene, are assessed for variants.(4)