Clinical Information

The element vanadium, naturally found in minerals and rocks, is considered an essential element for mammals, although conclusive evidence for humans is lacking. Animal studies have shown that vanadium is essential for mammalian growth and reproduction, iron and lipid metabolism, and RBC production.

Vanadium is recovered from minerals or as a by-product of iron, titanium, and uranium refining. Vanadium pentoxide is used in the production of special steels. Vanadium compounds are used as catalysts for polypropylene production and synthesis of inorganic and organic chemicals. Vanadium compounds are used in dyes, photography, ceramics, and in the production of special glasses. Vanadium also is a component of a fiber mesh prosthetic alloy.

The main source of vanadium intake for the general population is food, with an estimated daily intake of 20 mcg, of which most is excreted in the feces, without absorption. Absorption through the inhalation route results in more effective uptake. About 90% of blood vanadium is found in serum. The half-life in serum is not well documented, but it appears to be on the order of several days. Although there is minimal evidence for the nature of vanadium complexation in the body, research suggests transferrin will bind available ionized vanadium.

Currently, there is no clinical data to support the need for taking vanadium supplements such as vanadyl sulfate, vanadium colloid, or any other form. This test provides no information regarding any theoretical vanadium deficiency.

Vanadium has been recognized as an occupational hazard for >20 years. Elevated atmospheric vanadium levels can result from burning fossil fuels with a high vanadium content. Inhalation and ingestion are the primary exposure routes. Vanadium exposure can result in a metallic taste and so-called "green tongue." Sensitization can result in asthma or eczema. Vanadium intoxication is effectively treated with ascorbic acid.

Increased vanadium serum concentrations are observed in dialysis patients and those with compromised renal function since the kidney is primarily responsible for vanadium elimination. Elevated serum vanadium levels have been observed in patients with joint replacements; concentrations are likely to be increased above the reference range in patients with metallic joint prosthesis. Prosthetic devices produced by Zimmer Company and Johnson and Johnson typically are made of aluminum, vanadium, and titanium. Prosthetic devices produced by Depuy Company, Dow Corning, Howmedica, LCS, PCA, Osteonics, Richards Company, Tricon, and Whiteside typically are made of chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum. This list of products is incomplete, and these products change occasionally; see prosthesis product information for each device for composition details.